Name: Towards AI Legal Name: Towards AI, Inc. Description: Towards AI is the world's leading artificial intelligence (AI) and technology publication. Read by thought-leaders and decision-makers around the world. Phone Number: +1-650-246-9381 Email: pub@towardsai.net
228 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 United States
Website: Publisher: https://towardsai.net/#publisher Diversity Policy: https://towardsai.net/about Ethics Policy: https://towardsai.net/about Masthead: https://towardsai.net/about
Name: Towards AI Legal Name: Towards AI, Inc. Description: Towards AI is the world's leading artificial intelligence (AI) and technology publication. Founders: Roberto Iriondo, , Job Title: Co-founder and Advisor Works for: Towards AI, Inc. Follow Roberto: X, LinkedIn, GitHub, Google Scholar, Towards AI Profile, Medium, ML@CMU, FreeCodeCamp, Crunchbase, Bloomberg, Roberto Iriondo, Generative AI Lab, Generative AI Lab Denis Piffaretti, Job Title: Co-founder Works for: Towards AI, Inc. Louie Peters, Job Title: Co-founder Works for: Towards AI, Inc. Louis-François Bouchard, Job Title: Co-founder Works for: Towards AI, Inc. Cover:
Towards AI Cover
Logo:
Towards AI Logo
Areas Served: Worldwide Alternate Name: Towards AI, Inc. Alternate Name: Towards AI Co. Alternate Name: towards ai Alternate Name: towardsai Alternate Name: towards.ai Alternate Name: tai Alternate Name: toward ai Alternate Name: toward.ai Alternate Name: Towards AI, Inc. Alternate Name: towardsai.net Alternate Name: pub.towardsai.net
5 stars – based on 497 reviews

Frequently Used, Contextual References

TODO: Remember to copy unique IDs whenever it needs used. i.e., URL: 304b2e42315e

Resources

Take our 85+ lesson From Beginner to Advanced LLM Developer Certification: From choosing a project to deploying a working product this is the most comprehensive and practical LLM course out there!

Publication

Natural Language Processing in Tensorflow
Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing in Tensorflow

Last Updated on December 17, 2020 by Editorial Team

Author(s): Bala Priya C

Natural Language Processing

Tokenization and Sequencing

Photo by Emma Matthews Digital Content Production on Unsplash

In this blog post, we shall seek to learn how to implement tokenization and sequencing, important text pre-processing steps, in Tensorflow.

Outline

  • Introduction to Tokenizer
  • Understanding Sequencing

Introduction to Tokenizer

Tokenization is the process of splitting the text into smaller units such as sentences, words or subwords. In this section, we shall see how we can pre-process the text corpus by tokenizing text into words in Tensorflow. We shall use the Keras API with Tensorflow backend; The code snippet below shows the necessary imports.📑

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer

And voila🎉 we have all modules imported! Let’s initialize a list of sentences that we shall tokenize.

sentences = [
'Life is so beautiful',
'Hope keeps us going',
'Let us celebrate life!'
]

The next step is to instantiate the Tokenizer and call the fit_to_texts method.

tokenizer = Tokenizer()
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(sentences)

Well, when the text corpus is very large, we can specify an additional num_words argument to get the most frequent words. For example, if we’d like to get the 100 most frequent words in the corpus, then tokenizer = Tokenizer(num_words=100) does just that! 😊

To know how these tokens have been created and the indices assigned to words, we can use the word_index attribute.

word_index = tokenizer.word_index
print(word_index)

💡 Here’s the output:

{‘life’: 1, ‘us’: 2, ‘is’: 3, ‘so’: 4, ‘beautiful’: 5, ‘hope’: 6, ‘keeps’: 7, ‘going’: 8, ‘let’: 9, ‘celebrate’: 10}

Well, so far so good! But what happens when the test data contains words that we’ve not accounted for in the vocabulary?🤔

test_data = [
'Our life is to celebrate',
'Hoping for the best!',
'Let peace prevail everywhere'
]

We have introduced sentences in test_data which contain words that are not in our earlier vocabulary.

How do we account for such words which are not in vocabulary? 🤔We can define an argument oov_token to account for such Out Of Vocabulary (OOV) tokens.😀

tokenizer = Tokenizer(oov_token=”<OOV>”)

The word_index now returns the following output:

{‘<OOV>’: 1, ‘life’: 2, ‘us’: 3, ‘is’: 4, ‘so’: 5, ‘beautiful’: 6, ‘hope’: 7, ‘keeps’: 8, ‘going’: 9, ‘let’: 10, ‘celebrate’: 11}

Understanding Sequencing

In this section, we shall build on the tokenized text, using these generated tokens to convert the text into a sequence. 📕📗📘📒

We can get a sequence by calling the texts_to_sequences method.

sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(sentences)

Here’s the output:[[2, 4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 3, 9], [10, 3, 11, 2]]

Let’s now take a step back. What happens when the sentences are of different lengths? 🙄Then, we will have to convert all of them to the same length.🤷

We shall import pad_sequences function to pad our sequences and look at the padded sequences.

from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
padded = pad_sequences(sequences)
print("\nPadded Sequences:")
print(padded)
# Output
Padded Sequences:
[[ 2 4 5 6]
[ 7 8 3 9]
[10 3 11 2]]

By default, the length of the padded sequence = length of the longest sentence. However, we can limit the maximum length by explicitly setting the maxlen argument.

padded = pad_sequences(sequences,maxlen=5)
print("\nPadded Sequences:")
print(padded)
# Output
Padded Sequences: 
[[ 0 2 4 5 6]
[ 0 7 8 3 9]
[ 0 10 3 11 2]]

Now, let’s pad our test sequences after converting them to sequences.

test_seq = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(test_data)
print("\nTest Sequence = ", test_seq)
padded = pad_sequences(test_seq, maxlen=10)
print("\nPadded Test Sequence: ")
print(padded)

And here’s our output.

# Output 
Test Sequence =  [[1, 2, 4, 1, 11], [1, 1, 1, 1], [10, 1, 1, 1]]  
Padded Test Sequence:  
[[ 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 1 11]
[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1]
[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 1]]

We see that all the padded sequences are of length maxlen and are padded with 0s at the beginning. What if we would like to add trailing zeros instead of at the beginning? We only need to specify padding=’post’

padded = pad_sequences(test_seq, maxlen=10, padding='post')
print("\nPadded Test Sequence: ")
print(padded)
# Output
Padded Test Sequence: 
[[ 1 2 4 1 11 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[10 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]]

So far, none of the sentences have length exceeding maxlen, but in practice, we may have sentences that are much longer than maxlen. In that case, we have to truncate the sentences and can set the argument truncating='post' or 'pre' to drop the first few or the last few words that exceed the specified maxlen. Here’s the link to the Colab notebook for the above example.

Happy learning and coding!🎈✨🎉👩🏽‍💻

Reference

Natural Language Processing in TensorFlow


Natural Language Processing in Tensorflow was originally published in Towards AI on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Published via Towards AI

Feedback ↓

Sign Up for the Course
`; } else { console.error('Element with id="subscribe" not found within the page with class "home".'); } } }); // Remove duplicate text from articles /* Backup: 09/11/24 function removeDuplicateText() { const elements = document.querySelectorAll('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, strong'); // Select the desired elements const seenTexts = new Set(); // A set to keep track of seen texts const tagCounters = {}; // Object to track instances of each tag elements.forEach(el => { const tagName = el.tagName.toLowerCase(); // Get the tag name (e.g., 'h1', 'h2', etc.) // Initialize a counter for each tag if not already done if (!tagCounters[tagName]) { tagCounters[tagName] = 0; } // Only process the first 10 elements of each tag type if (tagCounters[tagName] >= 2) { return; // Skip if the number of elements exceeds 10 } const text = el.textContent.trim(); // Get the text content const words = text.split(/\s+/); // Split the text into words if (words.length >= 4) { // Ensure at least 4 words const significantPart = words.slice(0, 5).join(' '); // Get first 5 words for matching // Check if the text (not the tag) has been seen before if (seenTexts.has(significantPart)) { // console.log('Duplicate found, removing:', el); // Log duplicate el.remove(); // Remove duplicate element } else { seenTexts.add(significantPart); // Add the text to the set } } tagCounters[tagName]++; // Increment the counter for this tag }); } removeDuplicateText(); */ // Remove duplicate text from articles function removeDuplicateText() { const elements = document.querySelectorAll('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, strong'); // Select the desired elements const seenTexts = new Set(); // A set to keep track of seen texts const tagCounters = {}; // Object to track instances of each tag // List of classes to be excluded const excludedClasses = ['medium-author', 'post-widget-title']; elements.forEach(el => { // Skip elements with any of the excluded classes if (excludedClasses.some(cls => el.classList.contains(cls))) { return; // Skip this element if it has any of the excluded classes } const tagName = el.tagName.toLowerCase(); // Get the tag name (e.g., 'h1', 'h2', etc.) // Initialize a counter for each tag if not already done if (!tagCounters[tagName]) { tagCounters[tagName] = 0; } // Only process the first 10 elements of each tag type if (tagCounters[tagName] >= 10) { return; // Skip if the number of elements exceeds 10 } const text = el.textContent.trim(); // Get the text content const words = text.split(/\s+/); // Split the text into words if (words.length >= 4) { // Ensure at least 4 words const significantPart = words.slice(0, 5).join(' '); // Get first 5 words for matching // Check if the text (not the tag) has been seen before if (seenTexts.has(significantPart)) { // console.log('Duplicate found, removing:', el); // Log duplicate el.remove(); // Remove duplicate element } else { seenTexts.add(significantPart); // Add the text to the set } } tagCounters[tagName]++; // Increment the counter for this tag }); } removeDuplicateText(); //Remove unnecessary text in blog excerpts document.querySelectorAll('.blog p').forEach(function(paragraph) { // Replace the unwanted text pattern for each paragraph paragraph.innerHTML = paragraph.innerHTML .replace(/Author\(s\): [\w\s]+ Originally published on Towards AI\.?/g, '') // Removes 'Author(s): XYZ Originally published on Towards AI' .replace(/This member-only story is on us\. Upgrade to access all of Medium\./g, ''); // Removes 'This member-only story...' }); //Load ionic icons and cache them if ('localStorage' in window && window['localStorage'] !== null) { const cssLink = 'https://code.ionicframework.com/ionicons/2.0.1/css/ionicons.min.css'; const storedCss = localStorage.getItem('ionicons'); if (storedCss) { loadCSS(storedCss); } else { fetch(cssLink).then(response => response.text()).then(css => { localStorage.setItem('ionicons', css); loadCSS(css); }); } } function loadCSS(css) { const style = document.createElement('style'); style.innerHTML = css; document.head.appendChild(style); } //Remove elements from imported content automatically function removeStrongFromHeadings() { const elements = document.querySelectorAll('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, span'); elements.forEach(el => { const strongTags = el.querySelectorAll('strong'); strongTags.forEach(strongTag => { while (strongTag.firstChild) { strongTag.parentNode.insertBefore(strongTag.firstChild, strongTag); } strongTag.remove(); }); }); } removeStrongFromHeadings(); "use strict"; window.onload = () => { /* //This is an object for each category of subjects and in that there are kewords and link to the keywods let keywordsAndLinks = { //you can add more categories and define their keywords and add a link ds: { keywords: [ //you can add more keywords here they are detected and replaced with achor tag automatically 'data science', 'Data science', 'Data Science', 'data Science', 'DATA SCIENCE', ], //we will replace the linktext with the keyword later on in the code //you can easily change links for each category here //(include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, ml: { keywords: [ //Add more keywords 'machine learning', 'Machine learning', 'Machine Learning', 'machine Learning', 'MACHINE LEARNING', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, ai: { keywords: [ 'artificial intelligence', 'Artificial intelligence', 'Artificial Intelligence', 'artificial Intelligence', 'ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, nl: { keywords: [ 'NLP', 'nlp', 'natural language processing', 'Natural Language Processing', 'NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, des: { keywords: [ 'data engineering services', 'Data Engineering Services', 'DATA ENGINEERING SERVICES', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, td: { keywords: [ 'training data', 'Training Data', 'training Data', 'TRAINING DATA', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, ias: { keywords: [ 'image annotation services', 'Image annotation services', 'image Annotation services', 'image annotation Services', 'Image Annotation Services', 'IMAGE ANNOTATION SERVICES', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, l: { keywords: [ 'labeling', 'labelling', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, pbp: { keywords: [ 'previous blog posts', 'previous blog post', 'latest', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, mlc: { keywords: [ 'machine learning course', 'machine learning class', ], //Change your article link (include class="ml-link" and linktext) link: 'linktext', }, }; //Articles to skip let articleIdsToSkip = ['post-2651', 'post-3414', 'post-3540']; //keyword with its related achortag is recieved here along with article id function searchAndReplace(keyword, anchorTag, articleId) { //selects the h3 h4 and p tags that are inside of the article let content = document.querySelector(`#${articleId} .entry-content`); //replaces the "linktext" in achor tag with the keyword that will be searched and replaced let newLink = anchorTag.replace('linktext', keyword); //regular expression to search keyword var re = new RegExp('(' + keyword + ')', 'g'); //this replaces the keywords in h3 h4 and p tags content with achor tag content.innerHTML = content.innerHTML.replace(re, newLink); } function articleFilter(keyword, anchorTag) { //gets all the articles var articles = document.querySelectorAll('article'); //if its zero or less then there are no articles if (articles.length > 0) { for (let x = 0; x < articles.length; x++) { //articles to skip is an array in which there are ids of articles which should not get effected //if the current article's id is also in that array then do not call search and replace with its data if (!articleIdsToSkip.includes(articles[x].id)) { //search and replace is called on articles which should get effected searchAndReplace(keyword, anchorTag, articles[x].id, key); } else { console.log( `Cannot replace the keywords in article with id ${articles[x].id}` ); } } } else { console.log('No articles found.'); } } let key; //not part of script, added for (key in keywordsAndLinks) { //key is the object in keywords and links object i.e ds, ml, ai for (let i = 0; i < keywordsAndLinks[key].keywords.length; i++) { //keywordsAndLinks[key].keywords is the array of keywords for key (ds, ml, ai) //keywordsAndLinks[key].keywords[i] is the keyword and keywordsAndLinks[key].link is the link //keyword and link is sent to searchreplace where it is then replaced using regular expression and replace function articleFilter( keywordsAndLinks[key].keywords[i], keywordsAndLinks[key].link ); } } function cleanLinks() { // (making smal functions is for DRY) this function gets the links and only keeps the first 2 and from the rest removes the anchor tag and replaces it with its text function removeLinks(links) { if (links.length > 1) { for (let i = 2; i < links.length; i++) { links[i].outerHTML = links[i].textContent; } } } //arrays which will contain all the achor tags found with the class (ds-link, ml-link, ailink) in each article inserted using search and replace let dslinks; let mllinks; let ailinks; let nllinks; let deslinks; let tdlinks; let iaslinks; let llinks; let pbplinks; let mlclinks; const content = document.querySelectorAll('article'); //all articles content.forEach((c) => { //to skip the articles with specific ids if (!articleIdsToSkip.includes(c.id)) { //getting all the anchor tags in each article one by one dslinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.ds-link`); mllinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.ml-link`); ailinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.ai-link`); nllinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.ntrl-link`); deslinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.des-link`); tdlinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.td-link`); iaslinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.ias-link`); mlclinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.mlc-link`); llinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.l-link`); pbplinks = document.querySelectorAll(`#${c.id} .entry-content a.pbp-link`); //sending the anchor tags list of each article one by one to remove extra anchor tags removeLinks(dslinks); removeLinks(mllinks); removeLinks(ailinks); removeLinks(nllinks); removeLinks(deslinks); removeLinks(tdlinks); removeLinks(iaslinks); removeLinks(mlclinks); removeLinks(llinks); removeLinks(pbplinks); } }); } //To remove extra achor tags of each category (ds, ml, ai) and only have 2 of each category per article cleanLinks(); */ //Recommended Articles var ctaLinks = [ /* ' ' + '

Subscribe to our AI newsletter!

' + */ '

Take our 85+ lesson From Beginner to Advanced LLM Developer Certification: From choosing a project to deploying a working product this is the most comprehensive and practical LLM course out there!

'+ '

Towards AI has published Building LLMs for Production—our 470+ page guide to mastering LLMs with practical projects and expert insights!

' + '
' + '' + '' + '

Note: Content contains the views of the contributing authors and not Towards AI.
Disclosure: This website may contain sponsored content and affiliate links.

' + 'Discover Your Dream AI Career at Towards AI Jobs' + '

Towards AI has built a jobs board tailored specifically to Machine Learning and Data Science Jobs and Skills. Our software searches for live AI jobs each hour, labels and categorises them and makes them easily searchable. Explore over 10,000 live jobs today with Towards AI Jobs!

' + '
' + '

🔥 Recommended Articles 🔥

' + 'Why Become an LLM Developer? Launching Towards AI’s New One-Stop Conversion Course'+ 'Testing Launchpad.sh: A Container-based GPU Cloud for Inference and Fine-tuning'+ 'The Top 13 AI-Powered CRM Platforms
' + 'Top 11 AI Call Center Software for 2024
' + 'Learn Prompting 101—Prompt Engineering Course
' + 'Explore Leading Cloud Providers for GPU-Powered LLM Training
' + 'Best AI Communities for Artificial Intelligence Enthusiasts
' + 'Best Workstations for Deep Learning
' + 'Best Laptops for Deep Learning
' + 'Best Machine Learning Books
' + 'Machine Learning Algorithms
' + 'Neural Networks Tutorial
' + 'Best Public Datasets for Machine Learning
' + 'Neural Network Types
' + 'NLP Tutorial
' + 'Best Data Science Books
' + 'Monte Carlo Simulation Tutorial
' + 'Recommender System Tutorial
' + 'Linear Algebra for Deep Learning Tutorial
' + 'Google Colab Introduction
' + 'Decision Trees in Machine Learning
' + 'Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Tutorial
' + 'Linear Regression from Zero to Hero
'+ '

', /* + '

Join thousands of data leaders on the AI newsletter. It’s free, we don’t spam, and we never share your email address. Keep up to date with the latest work in AI. From research to projects and ideas. If you are building an AI startup, an AI-related product, or a service, we invite you to consider becoming a sponsor.

',*/ ]; var replaceText = { '': '', '': '', '
': '
' + ctaLinks + '
', }; Object.keys(replaceText).forEach((txtorig) => { //txtorig is the key in replacetext object const txtnew = replaceText[txtorig]; //txtnew is the value of the key in replacetext object let entryFooter = document.querySelector('article .entry-footer'); if (document.querySelectorAll('.single-post').length > 0) { //console.log('Article found.'); const text = entryFooter.innerHTML; entryFooter.innerHTML = text.replace(txtorig, txtnew); } else { // console.log('Article not found.'); //removing comment 09/04/24 } }); var css = document.createElement('style'); css.type = 'text/css'; css.innerHTML = '.post-tags { display:none !important } .article-cta a { font-size: 18px; }'; document.body.appendChild(css); //Extra //This function adds some accessibility needs to the site. function addAlly() { // In this function JQuery is replaced with vanilla javascript functions const imgCont = document.querySelector('.uw-imgcont'); imgCont.setAttribute('aria-label', 'AI news, latest developments'); imgCont.title = 'AI news, latest developments'; imgCont.rel = 'noopener'; document.querySelector('.page-mobile-menu-logo a').title = 'Towards AI Home'; document.querySelector('a.social-link').rel = 'noopener'; document.querySelector('a.uw-text').rel = 'noopener'; document.querySelector('a.uw-w-branding').rel = 'noopener'; document.querySelector('.blog h2.heading').innerHTML = 'Publication'; const popupSearch = document.querySelector$('a.btn-open-popup-search'); popupSearch.setAttribute('role', 'button'); popupSearch.title = 'Search'; const searchClose = document.querySelector('a.popup-search-close'); searchClose.setAttribute('role', 'button'); searchClose.title = 'Close search page'; // document // .querySelector('a.btn-open-popup-search') // .setAttribute( // 'href', // 'https://medium.com/towards-artificial-intelligence/search' // ); } // Add external attributes to 302 sticky and editorial links function extLink() { // Sticky 302 links, this fuction opens the link we send to Medium on a new tab and adds a "noopener" rel to them var stickyLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.grid-item.sticky a'); for (var i = 0; i < stickyLinks.length; i++) { /* stickyLinks[i].setAttribute('target', '_blank'); stickyLinks[i].setAttribute('rel', 'noopener'); */ } // Editorial 302 links, same here var editLinks = document.querySelectorAll( '.grid-item.category-editorial a' ); for (var i = 0; i < editLinks.length; i++) { editLinks[i].setAttribute('target', '_blank'); editLinks[i].setAttribute('rel', 'noopener'); } } // Add current year to copyright notices document.getElementById( 'js-current-year' ).textContent = new Date().getFullYear(); // Call functions after page load extLink(); //addAlly(); setTimeout(function() { //addAlly(); //ideally we should only need to run it once ↑ }, 5000); }; function closeCookieDialog (){ document.getElementById("cookie-consent").style.display = "none"; return false; } setTimeout ( function () { closeCookieDialog(); }, 15000); console.log(`%c 🚀🚀🚀 ███ █████ ███████ █████████ ███████████ █████████████ ███████████████ ███████ ███████ ███████ ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Towards AI is looking for contributors! │ │ Join us in creating awesome AI content. │ │ Let's build the future of AI together → │ │ https://towardsai.net/contribute │ │ │ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ `, `background: ; color: #00adff; font-size: large`); //Remove latest category across site document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="category tag"]').forEach(function(el) { if (el.textContent.trim() === 'Latest') { // Remove the two consecutive spaces (  ) if (el.nextSibling && el.nextSibling.nodeValue.includes('\u00A0\u00A0')) { el.nextSibling.nodeValue = ''; // Remove the spaces } el.style.display = 'none'; // Hide the element } }); // Add cross-domain measurement, anonymize IPs 'use strict'; //var ga = gtag; ga('config', 'G-9D3HKKFV1Q', 'auto', { /*'allowLinker': true,*/ 'anonymize_ip': true/*, 'linker': { 'domains': [ 'medium.com/towards-artificial-intelligence', 'datasets.towardsai.net', 'rss.towardsai.net', 'feed.towardsai.net', 'contribute.towardsai.net', 'members.towardsai.net', 'pub.towardsai.net', 'news.towardsai.net' ] } */ }); ga('send', 'pageview'); -->