Chi-Square Test Examples with R
Last Updated on July 26, 2023 by Editorial Team
Author(s): Amit Chauhan
Originally published on Towards AI.
Analysis of variables association and distribution

This member-only story is on us. Upgrade to access all of Medium.
Image Source
Introduction
When we talk of chi-square tests, basically we study two types:
Chi-square for independenceChi-square for the goodness of fit
Both of them are non-parametric tests (that do not have a continuous scale for measurement and are assumption-free)
The first one helps determine any association between qualitative variables, and the second one tells whether a sample follows the same distribution as a sample or not.
Chi-square for independence
This test helps determine any association between two categorical values of qualitative data. It is only applicable to the Categorical data.
A photo by Author
The main task… Read the full blog for free on Medium.
Join thousands of data leaders on the AI newsletter. Join over 80,000 subscribers and keep up to date with the latest developments in AI. From research to projects and ideas. If you are building an AI startup, an AI-related product, or a service, we invite you to consider becoming a sponsor.
Published via Towards AI
Towards AI Academy
We Build Enterprise-Grade AI. We'll Teach You to Master It Too.
15 engineers. 100,000+ students. Towards AI Academy teaches what actually survives production.
Start free — no commitment:
→ 6-Day Agentic AI Engineering Email Guide — one practical lesson per day
→ Agents Architecture Cheatsheet — 3 years of architecture decisions in 6 pages
Our courses:
→ AI Engineering Certification — 90+ lessons from project selection to deployed product. The most comprehensive practical LLM course out there.
→ Agent Engineering Course — Hands on with production agent architectures, memory, routing, and eval frameworks — built from real enterprise engagements.
→ AI for Work — Understand, evaluate, and apply AI for complex work tasks.
Note: Article content contains the views of the contributing authors and not Towards AI.