Author(s): Shubham Saboo
Programming
FastAPI — The Spiffy Way Beyond Flask!
An elegant and efficient framework to expose production-ready low latency APIs within minutes.
In recent times, there has been an exponential growth of data science and machine learning applications. With the advent of these data-driven applications, python is the go-to choice for most of the developers. In the last few years, python has jumped to the number one position for the languages used for ML which is mostly due to the convenience of packaging the models and exposing them as a service.
Model preparation and training is one of many steps in the machine learning lifecycle. Besides an active ML application, there go multiple things that work concurrently under the hood. On a high level, it includes Data cleaning and preparation, selecting and fine-tuning algorithms, model training, delivering the model prediction in the form of an endpoint by exposing an endpoint know as “API”.
What is an API?
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a computing interface that defines interactions between multiple software intermediaries. It defines the kinds of calls or requests that can be made, how to make them, the data formats that should be used, and the conventions to follow.
Think of FastAPI as a wrapper around your data science application to expose its functionality as RESTFUL microservices.
Since the inception of enterprise data science, Flask has been the standard for data scientists to quickly expose an HTTP endpoint for delivering the application. It’s fairly lightweight, mature, well-documented, and it’s been around for long enough to have established its root within organizations.
To productionize a machine learning model, the standard approach is to wrap it in a REST API and deploy it as a microservice. Flask is currently the de facto choice for writing these APIs for a couple of reasons:
- Flask is minimal. Because inference APIs have historically tended to be simple predict() methods, the complexities introduced by more opinionated frameworks (like Django) have been seen as unnecessary.
- Flask is written in Python, which has become the standard language of machine learning. All major frameworks have Python bindings, and virtually all data scientists/ML engineers are familiar with it.
What is FastAPI?
FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), a web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+ based on standard Python type hints. FastAPI is a Python API microframework built on top of Starlette, Pydantic, and Uvicorn.
All web frameworks need to balance between the functionality and flexibility for the developer. Flask is low level enough to provide a large degree of freedom, but a lot is left for the developer to do. FastAPI is just like Flask, but it manages to strike a healthier balance.
Why FastAPI?
- Native Async Support: One of the biggest disadvantages of Python WSGI web frameworks compared to the ones in Node.js or Go was the inability to handle requests asynchronously. Since the introduction of ASGI, this is no longer an issue, and FastAPI is taking full advantage of this. All you have to do is simply declare the endpoints with the async keyword like this:
@app.post("/")
async def endpoint():
# ...
# call async functions here with `await`
# ...
return {"msg": "FastAPI is awesome!"}
- Automated Interactive API Documentation: FastAPI comes with an automated interactive interface in the form of API documentation. It has a simple, but elegant interface that creates an API document on the fly. The FastAPI is based on the open standards for OpenAPI and JSON Schema. As a result, it can automatically build a SwaggerUI for the web API without any additional coding as long as you use the appropriate Pydantic data types. SwaggerUI is interactive in nature and allows us to test an API directly from the browser. The automatic documentation has been inspired by the APISpec.
- Quick creation of REST API Endpoints: Flask users have to install the Flask-rest plus package to create REST endpoints for their data science application. The FastAPI supports the GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD, PATCH, and TRACE Rest operations without any additional packages. All of the routes along with their operations are automatically generated in the documentation.
- Dependency Injection: FastAPI comes up with a built-in injection system to handle dependencies at your endpoint. It provides an efficient way to implement user authentication.
- Hassle-free Database Integration: FastAPI is the least complicated web framework among its peers when it comes to database integration. It doesn’t restrict you to build your application around a few databases of its choice. Instead, it supports all the databases you can think with a way to smoothly integrate them with your application.
- State of the art Performance: FastAPI is really fast! It is not only fast to code, but it also processes requests super fast! In a survey done by TechEmpower benchmark tool to benchmark performance among multiple API frameworks, FastAPI outperformed flask by a large margin.
FastAPI in Action:
FastAPI is built on the ideology of “nanos gigantum humeris insidentes” i.e If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants. FastAPI stands on the shoulder of two big giants:
Installation
The FastAPI is available on PyPI in the form of an easy to install python package. The best thing about FastAPI is its Flask like simple syntax, which makes it very easy to adapt for someone who has previously used Flask.
$ pip install fastapi
As FastAPI is async by nature it also requires an ASGI server to expose the endpoints for production such as Uvicorn or Hypercorn.
$ pip install uvicorn
$ pip install hypercorn
Examples with Illustrations
Starting with FastAPI is as simple as it can get, you just need to have a main.py file in your project where you can easily define the different API endpoints using decorators similarly to the flask.
# Import Dependencies
from typing import Optional
from fastapi import FastAPI
# Initialize the app with FastAPI object
app = FastAPI()
# First Endpoint
@app.get("/")
def read_root():
return {"Hello": "World"}
# Second Endpoint
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
Till now it was very similar to what you have done with flask, and you might be wondering if I have to do the same things what sense does it make to ship my code from Flask to FastAPI. To justify your efforts FastAPI comes with this amazing on-the-fly interactive API document generator. It provides you with a cleaner, simpler and elegant user interface to try out your APIs from the web with zero lines of HTML code.
Now we will see the PUT method in action and how does the FastAPI use Pydantic at its core to declare the function body using standard python types.
# Importing Dependencies
from typing import Optional
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
# Initialize the app with FastAPI object
app = FastAPI()
# Defining a custom object using Pydantic
class Item(BaseModel):
str price: float
is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
# Endpoint-1
@app.get("/")
def read_root():
return {"Hello": "World"}
# Endpoint-2
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
# Endpoint-3
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
Running the above code will result in triggering the events that will automatically create the API doc as per the updated endpoints.
By clicking on “Try it out”, it will provide you with a text box to input the item_id directly from the web interface and interact with the API.
Now by clicking on the “Execute” button, the user interface will automatically communicate with your API, send the parameters, get the results and show them on the screen
Summary
FastAPI first came into the picture in 2018, as compared to flask it is a relatively new framework but still, it is becoming the de-facto choice for building high-performance data science applications. It follows a minimalist approach to that of flask but adds innovative features on top of that which makes it very efficient and intuitive to use.
If you would like to learn more or want to me write more on this subject, feel free to reach out…
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FastAPI — the spiffy way beyond flask! was originally published in Towards AI — Multidisciplinary Science Journal on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
Published via Towards AI